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The Traditional Chinese holidays have been part of Chinese tradition for thousands of years; they are an essential part of Chinese culture. Many holidays are associated with Chinese mythology and folklore tales, but more realistically, they probably originated from ancient farmer rituals for celebrating harvests or prayer offerings. The most important Chinese holiday is the Chinese New Year (Spring Festival), which is also celebrated in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other Asian countries. All traditional holidays are scheduled according to the Chinese calendar (except the Qing Ming and Winter Solstice days, falling on the respective Jie qi in the Agricultural calendar).

Date

English Name

Chinese Name

Remarks

Last day of lunar year

Chinese New Year Eve

??(ch?)????

Clean the house, put up new posters of “door gods” on front doors, blow up fireworks before the family reunion dinner, which should be at least a 10 course meal with a whole fish entr symbolizing the abundance of the coming year. (The fish entr should not be consumed completely because the leftover symbolizes the abundance) Also, melons should not be eaten, since the Cantonese pronounciation of “melon” is the same as the slang for “die”. People who rely on investments should not drink Coca-cola because “ho lok” (Cantonese) means “can go down”. There are also many taboos concerning what brings luck and what doesn’t. Here are some: Do not say any unlucky words related to death or bad fortune; if you drop or break anything you should say “Fa Hoi Foo Guai”, which means prosperity is coming; do not cry, which means you will cry for the whole year; do not borrow money, which implies insufficiency, etc. Each year, there are different lucky directions and positions in the house, and different measures should be taken in those places.

1st day of 1st lunar month

Spring Festival (Chinese New Year)

??(x?nni), ????, ??, ??,????

More fireworks after midnight, visit family members.

15th day of 1st lunar month

Lantern Festival

???(yuxi?oji)/??????

Lantern parade and lion dance celebrating the first full moon

2nd day of 2nd lunar month

Zhonghe Festival (Zhong He Jie), Blue Dragon Festival

???(zh?nghi)/???, ??? (qinglong jie)/???

Eat Chinese pancakes (Chun bing, ??) and noodles, clean the house. Also known as Dragon Raising its Head

3rd day of 3rd lunar month

Shangsi Festival (Shang Si Jie)

??? (shgsi)/???,

Traditional Chinese Women’s Day, also known as ??? (n?ji)

At the jie qi known as qing ming, solar longitude 15 degrees, 104 days after winter solstice (around April 5)

Qing Ming Jie (Tomb Sweeping Day)/Mourning Day / Ching Ming Festival

???(q?ngmgji)/???

Visit, clean, and make offerings at ancestral gravesites, spring outing

5th day of 5th lunar month

Dragon Boat Festival (Dragon Festival) / Tuen Ng Festival

???(du?nw?ji)/???

Dragon boat race, eat dumplings wrapped in lotus leaves Zongzi. This festival commemorates the ancient poet Qu Yuan; drink yellow rice wine, related to the White Snake Lady legend

6th day of 6th lunar month

Bathing and Basking Festival (Xi Shai Jie)

??? (x?shji)/???

Put books, sheets, cloth under the sun.

7th day of 7th lunar month

The Night of Sevens /Magpie Festival/ Qi Xi

??(q?x?)

According to legend, the goddess “Zhi N” (the star Vega) fell in love with the farmer boy “Niu Lang” (the star Altair), but was disapproved by the her mother goddess. As punishment, they were separated by the Milky Way and could only meet once a year on this night.

15th day of 7th lunar month

Spirit Festival (Ghost Festival)

???(zh?ngyuji)/???

Burn fake paper money and make offerings to ancestors and the dead to appease them, so they will not come and trouble the living.

15th day of 8th lunar month

Mid-Autumn Festival (Moon Festival)

???(zh?ngqi?ji)/???

Eat mooncake, family union meal, related to the legend of Chang E

9th day of 9th lunar month

Double Ninth Festival /Dual-Yang Festival/ Chung Yeung Festival

???(chgygji)/???

Autumn outing and mountain climbing, some Chinese also visit the graves of their ancestors to pay their respects.

15th day of the 10th lunar month

Spirit Festival/ Water Lantern Festival

??? (xiayuanjie)/???

Set flower shaped lanterns adrift in a stream or river at sundown, give offerings to deceased whose wandering spirits/ghosts may return at night to visit.

Day of the winter solstice (solar longitude 270 degrees), December 21, 2009

Winter Solstice Festival/Mid-Winter Festival

??(d?ngzh)

Have Tangyuan and Jiuniang and perform ancestor worship, Feast day, family gatherings, also named “Chinese Thanksgiving”

8th day of 12th lunar month

Laba Festival/Congee Festival

???(l?ji)

This is the day the Buddha attained enlightenment. People usually eat Laba congee, which is made of mixed grains and fruits.

Timetable of Chinese Traditional Festivals (2008-2015)

Year

Spring Festival

Lantern Festival

Qingming Festival

Dragon Boat

Double Seventh

Mid-autumn Festival

Chongyang Festival

Laba Festival

2008

Feb. 7

Feb. 21

Apr. 4

Jun. 8

Aug. 7

Sept. 14

Oct. 7

Jan. 3, 2009

2009

Jan.26

Feb.9

Apr. 4

May 28

Aug. 26

Oct. 3

Oct. 26

Jan. 22, 2010

2010

Feb. 14

Feb.28

Apr. 5

Jun. 16

Aug. 16

Sept. 22

Oct. 16

Jan. 11, 2011

2011

Feb. 3

Feb. 17

Apr. 5

Jun. 6

Aug. 6

Sep. 12

Oct. 5

Jan. 1, 2012

2012

Jan. 23

Feb. 6

Apr. 4

Jun. 23

Aug. 23

Sept. 30

Oct. 23

Jan. 19, 2013

2013

Feb. 10

Feb. 24

Apr. 4

Jun. 12

Aug. 13

Sept. 19

Oct. 13

Jan. 8, 2014

2014

Jan. 31

Feb. 14

Apr. 5

Jun. 2

Aug. 2

Sept. 8

Oct. 2

Jan. 27, 2015

2015

Feb. 19

Mar. 5

Apr. 5

Jun. 20

Aug. 20

Sept. 27

Oct. 21

Jan. 17, 2016

Contents

1 References

2 Public holidays

3 External links

4 See also

//


References

Source: Pinyin translated with CozyChinese.COM

Public holidays

Traditional holidays are generally celebrated in Chinese speaking regions. For the most part, however, only Chinese New Year, Qingming Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival are statutory public holidays. This is the case in both mainland China and Taiwan, whilst Hong Kong and Macau also observe Buddha’s Birthday and Chung Yeung Festival. In Singapore, Chinese New Year is the only traditional Chinese public holiday.

Each region has its own holidays on top of this condensed traditional Chinese set. Mainland China and Taiwan observe patriotic holidays, Hong Kong and Macau observe Christian holidays, and Singapore celebrates Malay and Indian festivals.

Public holidays in the People’s Republic of China

Holidays in Hong Kong

Holidays in Macau

Public holidays in the Republic of China

Holidays in Taiwan (including unofficial holidays)

Holidays in Singapore

External links

Chinese Festivals – Traditional Festivals, National Holidays, Ethnic Minority Festivals, Tourism Festivals

See also

Culture of China

Categories: Chinese culture | Chinese holidays

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Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function. While famous for aesthetic surgery, plastic surgery also includes a variety of fields such as craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, burn surgery, microsurgery, and reconstructive surgery. The word “plastic” derives from the Greek plastikos meaning to mold or to shape; its use here is not connected with the synthetic polymer material known as plastic.

Contents

1 History

2 Techniques and procedures

3 Reconstructive plastic surgery

4 Cosmetic surgery

5 Plastic surgery sub-specialities

6 See also

7 Notes

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links

//


History



Walter Yeo, a British soldier, is often cited as the first known person to have benefited from successful plastic surgery. The photograph shows him before (left) and after (right) receiving a skin graft performed by Sir Harold Gillies in 1917.

Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in India by 2000 BC. Sushruta (6th century BC) made important contributions to the field of Plastic and Cataract surgery. The medical works of both Sushruta and Charak were translated into Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate (750 AD). These Arabic works made their way into Europe via intermediaries. In Italy the Branca family of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.

British physicians traveled to India to see Rhinoplasty being performed by native methods. Reports on Indian Rhinoplasty were published in the Gentleman’s Magazine by 1794. Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods. Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the Western world by 1815. Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in the Western world.

The Romans were able to perform simple techniques such as repairing damaged ears from around the 1st century BC. Due to religious reasons they didn’t approve of the dissection of both human beings and animals, thus their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their Greek predecessors. Notwithstanding this Aulus Cornelius Celsus has left some surprisingly accurate anatomical descriptions, some of which or instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton are of special interest to plastic surgery.

The Egyptians were also one of the first people to perform plastic cosmetic surgery.

In 1465, Sabuncuoglu’s book, description, and classification of hypospadias was more informative and up to date. Localization of urethral meatus was described in detail. Sabuncuoglu also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia (Kitabul Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye -Cerrahname-Tip Tarihi Enstit, Istanbul)[citation needed] In mid-15th century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process “to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it” by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that such surgery became commonplace.

Up until the techniques of anesthesia became established, all surgery on healthy tissues involved great pain. Infection from surgery was reduced once sterile technique and disinfectants were introduced. The invention and use of antibiotics beginning with sulfa drugs and penicillin was another step in making elective surgery possible.

In 1792, Chopart performed operative procedure on a lip using a flap from the neck. In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments. In 1818, German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik. Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap. In 1845, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, entitled Operative Chirurgie, and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. In 1891, American otorhinolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work, a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896, James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and In 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1928, Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik.

The first American plastic surgeon was Dr. John Peter Mettauer, who in 1827 performed the first cleft palate operation with instruments that he designed himself.

In World War I a New Zealand otolaryngologist working in London, Sir Harold Gillies, developed many of the techniques of modern plastic surgery in caring for soldiers suffering from disfiguring facial injuries. His work was expanded upon during World War II by one of his former students and cousin, Archibald McIndoe, who pioneered treatments for RAF aircrew suffering from severe burns. McIndoe’s radical, experimental treatments, led to the formation of the Guinea Pig Club. In 1951 Gillies carried out the first male-to-female sex change operation.

Plastic surgery as a specialty evolved tremendously during the 20th century in the United States. One of the founders of the specialty, Dr. Vilray Blair, was the first chief of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. In one of his many areas of clinical expertise, Blair treated World War I soldiers with complex maxillofacial injuries, and his paper on “Reconstructive Surgery of the Face” set the standard for craniofacial reconstruction. He was also one of the first surgeons without a dental background to be elected to the American Association of Oral and Plastic Surgery (later the organizations split to be renamed the American Association of Plastic Surgeons and the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons) and taught many surgeons who became leaders in the field of plastic surgery.

Techniques and procedures

In plastic surgery the transfer of skin tissue (skin grafting) is one of the most common procedures. (In traditional surgery a “graft” is a piece of living tissue, organ, etc., that is transplanted.

Autografts: Skin grafts taken from the recipient. If absent or deficient of natural tissue, alternatives can be:

Cultured Sheets of epithelial cells in vitro.

Synthetic compounds (e.g., Integra 2 layered dermal substitute consisting superficially of silicone and deeply of bovine tendon collagen with glycosaminoglycans).

Allografts: Skin grafts taken from a donor of the same species.

Xenografts: Skin grafts taken from a donor of a different species.

Usually, good results are expected from plastic surgery that emphasizes:

Careful planning of incisions so that they fall in the line of natural skin folds or lines.

Appropriate choice of wound closure.

Use of best available suture materials.

Early removal of exposed sutures so that the wound is held closed by buried sutures.

Reconstructive plastic surgery

“Reconstructive” redirects here. For other uses, see Reconstruction.

Reconstructive Plastic Surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by:

burns

traumatic injuries,…

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It does not have a lead section. Tagged since July 2008.

Very few or no other articles link to it. Please help introduce links in articles on related topics. Tagged since July 2008.

Inertial unlatching & false latching

Inertial unlatching occurs when the seat belt becomes unlatched during a collision, allowing the latch plate to pull out of the buckle. Though the automotive industry denies that a seat belt can inertially unlatch, recent testing has demonstrated how accident level forces can cause the buckle “pawl” or button to depress and release the latch plate. Millions of vehicles have seat belts that are susceptible to this phenomenon.

False latching occurs when the latch plate looks, feels and even sounds like it is latched when inserted into the buckle but is not fully engaged. Minimal amounts of force will cause a falsely latched buckle to completely release the latch plate. When a seat belt is falsely latched or becomes inertially unlatched, the occupant is essentially unbelted and unrestrained and moves as though he or she were never belted in the first place. Such occupants are frequently ejected or found unbelted inside the car.

Though the occupant was properly belted before the seat belt became unlatched, the Police Report will often list the occupant as being unrestrained. Cases involving inertial unlatching or false latching frequently arise when either a surviving occupant insists he or she was belted or when other occupants confirm that the deceased occupant was wearing a seat belt.

References

http://www.auto-law.com/CM/PracticeAreaDescriptions/PracticeAreaDescriptions10.asp

http://www.safetyforum.com/inertial/

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Modulation techniques

Analog modulation

AM SSB FM PM SM

Digital modulation

OOK FSK ASK PSK QAMMSK CPM PPM TCM OFDM

Spread spectrum

v?d?eFHSS DSSS

See also: Demodulation

For other uses, see Modulation (disambiguation).

In telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying a periodic waveform, i.e. a tone, in order to use that signal to convey a message, in a similar fashion as a musician may modulate the tone from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch. Normally a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal. The three key parameters of a sine wave are its amplitude (“volume”), its phase (“timing”) and its frequency (“pitch”), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency information signal to obtain the modulated signal.

A device that performs modulation is known as a modulator and a device that performs the inverse operation of modulation is known as a demodulator (sometimes detector or demod). A device that can do both operations is a modem (short for “Modulator-Demodulator”).

Contents

1 Aim

2 Analog modulation methods

3 Digital modulation methods

3.1 Fundamental digital modulation methods

3.2 Modulator and detector principles of operation

3.3 List of common digital modulation techniques

4 Digital baseband modulation or line coding

5 Pulse modulation methods

6 Miscellaneous modulation techniques

7 See also

8 References

//


Aim

The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog bandpass channel, for example over the public switched telephone network (where a filter limits the frequency range to between 300 and 3400 Hz) or a limited radio frequency band.

The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog lowpass signal, for example an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog bandpass channel, for example a limited radio frequency band or a cable TV network channel.

Analog and digital modulation facilitate frequency division multiplexing (FDM), where several low pass information signals are transferred simultaneously over the same shared physical medium, using separate bandpass channels.

The aim of digital baseband modulation methods, also known as line coding, is to transfer a digital bit stream over a lowpass channel, typically a non-filtered copper wire such as a serial bus or a wired local area network.

The aim of pulse modulation methods is to transfer a narrowband analog signal, for example a phone call over a wideband lowpass channel or, in some of the schemes, as a bit stream over another digital transmission system.

Analog modulation methods

In analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog information signal.



A low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave.

Common analog modulation techniques are:

Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude of the modulated signal is varied)

Double-sideband modulation (DSB)

Double-sideband modulation with unsuppressed carrier (DSB-WC) (used on the AM radio broadcasting band)

Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC)

Double-sideband reduced carrier transmission (DSB-RC)

Single-sideband modulation (SSB, or SSB-AM),

SSB with carrier (SSB-WC)

SSB suppressed carrier modulation (SSB-SC)

Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB, or VSB-AM)

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

Angle modulation

Frequency modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the modulated signal is varied)

Phase modulation (PM) (here the phase shift of the modulated signal is varied)

Digital modulation methods

In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a digital bit stream. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet).

A simple example: A telephone line is designed for transferring audible sounds, for example tones, and not digital bits (zeros and ones). Computers may however communicate over a telephone line by means of modems, which are representing the digital bits by tones, called symbols. If there are four alternative symbols (corresponding to a musical instrument that can generate four different tones, one at a time), the first symbol may represent the bit sequence 00, the second 01, the third 10 and the fourth 11. If the modem plays a melody consisting of 1000 tones per second, the symbol rate is 1000 symbols/second, or baud. Since each tone represents a message consisting of two digital bits in this example, the bit rate is twice the symbol rate, i.e. 2000 bit per second.

According to one definition of digital signal, the modulated signal is a digital signal, and according to another definition, the modulation is a form of digital-to-analog conversion. Most textbooks would consider digital modulation schemes as a form of digital transmission, synonymous to data transmission; very few would consider it as analog transmission.

Fundamental digital modulation methods

These are the most fundamental digital modulation techniques:

In the case of PSK, a finite number of phases are used.

In the case of FSK, a finite number of frequencies are used.

In the case of ASK, a finite number of amplitudes are used.

In the case of QAM, a finite number of at least two phases, and at least two amplitudes are used.

In QAM, an inphase signal (the I signal, for example a cosine waveform) and a quadrature phase signal (the Q signal, for example a sine wave) are amplitude modulated with a finite number of amplitudes, and summed. It can be seen as a two-channel system, each channel using ASK. The resulting signal is equivalent to a combination of PSK and ASK.

In all of the above methods, each of these phases, frequencies or amplitudes are assigned a unique pattern of binary bits. Usually, each phase, frequency or amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. This number of bits comprises the symbol that is represented by the particular phase.

If the alphabet consists of M = 2N alternative symbols, each symbol represents a message consisting of N bits. If the symbol rate (also known as the baud rate) is fS symbols/second (or baud), the data rate is NfS bit/second.

For example, with an alphabet consisting of 16 alternative symbols, each symbol represents 4 bits. Thus, the data rate is four times the baud rate.

In the case of PSK, ASK or QAM, where the carrier frequency of the modulated signal is constant, the modulation alphabet is often conveniently represented on a constellation diagram, showing the amplitude of the I signal at the x-axis, and the amplitude of the Q signal at the y-axis, for each symbol.

Modulator and detector principles of operation

PSK and ASK, and sometimes also FSK, are often generated and detected using the principle of QAM. The I and Q signals can be combined into a complex-valued signal I+jQ (where j is the imaginary unit). The resulting so called equivalent lowpass signal or equivalent baseband signal is a representation of the real-valued modulated physical signal (the so called passband signal or RF signal).

These are the general steps used by the modulator to transmit data:

Group the incoming data bits into codewords, one for each symbol that will be transmitted.

Map the codewords to attributes, for example amplitudes of the I and Q signals (the equivalent low pass signal), or frequency or phase values.

Adapt pulse shaping or some other filtering to limit the bandwidth…

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Natural foods are foods that are minimally processed. Natural foods do not include ingredients such as refined sugars, refined flours, milled grains, hydrogenated oils, sweeteners, food colors, or flavorings.

Sucanat, stevia, raw honey, agave syrup and maple syrup are sweeteners often used in place of white sugar in a natural foods diet. Sea salt is also preferred over table salt.

Proponents of natural foods diets argue that refined ingredients promote obesity, diabetes, cancer, and heart disease.

During the natural food movement, natural foods were made popular in America and Western Europe during the 1970s. Its principles include avoiding artificial ingredients and ‘processed’ foods such as refined sugar and white flour.

Food produced or sold according to the ideals of the natural food movement is sometimes known colloquially as ‘health food,’ although many people also use that term in a broader sense to mean any type of healthy eating.

Although in modern times the natural food diet has largely been practiced only by a minority, it has frequently influenced the way the wider population eats.

Many groceries, restaurants and cookbooks utilize and promote natural foods. Natural foods are sold at natural food stores, food cooperatives, and larger chains.

See also

Organic certification

Raw food diet

References

“The New American Food Economy”, by John Ikerd

This food-and-drink-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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For information of Sinology, Chinese Studies, see here.

Synology Inc

Type

Network-attached storage

Operating system

Linux

CPU

PowerPC, ARM

Connectivity

100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T

Synology Inc, founded in April 2000, is an international company that produces network attached storage appliances for the SOHO and SMB/SME. Synology aims to provide people an innovative way of sharing and storing digital contents. Synology servers bear a small footprint, are designed to be energy conscious and are designed to be user-friendly. Synology target customer group are power users, small offices and businesses. The customer investment is further protected with free firmware updates, which often introduce new functions, along with an online support staff and a lively community forum, where Synology and advanced Synology users provide mutual support and share ideas relating to Synology products.

Synology products are sold around the world, popular in Europe, Asian, and Japanese markets. For the North America, units can be found from popular online retailers, such as Newegg and Tigerdirect.

Contents

1 Product Series

1.1 Disk Station

1.2 Cube Station

1.3 Rack Station

2 General Similarities

3 Uses

4 References

5 External links

5.1 Product reviews

//


Product Series

All product series are based on Linux, which is a GPL software, but only Windows and Mac OS X clients are supported. They can nonetheless be used from Linux clients (after installation from a supported OS), though filenames being case-insensitive can cause problems for Unix systems. [Note: as of Synology Disk Station Manager 2.1-0803 Beta, available since 5th January 2009 for beta users, the case-insensitivity issue is solved]

Disk Station

The Disk Station is a single or dual bay enclosure, similarly sized to an external CD-Rom drive, designed to meet the storage needs of most small offices or home users. Currently, the Disk Station supports either one or two terabytes of total storage, depending on which model is used.

Cube Station

The Cube Station is a quad-bay shoe-box sized storage device, designed to meet the needs of those who require capacious amounts of storage; up to four terabytes of total storage is available to the user. The Cube Station typically black, or white/silver in color, depending on which model is used.



The Rack Station

Rack Station

The Rack Station is quad-bay 1U format Rack Mount storage server, designed to be installed in a Rack Mount Environment. Similar in capabilities as the Cube Station, the Rack Station adds the capability of using Hot-Swap Hard Drives.

General Similarities

In general, most of the Synology devices have the same set of features and or capabilities (some of the lower end models do not feature the security capabilities which the higher end models have to offer, such as SSL or ADS capabilities). The differences between all of the models mainly lie in the amount of performance or storage capacities which are required by the user. All products have an Ethernet and USB port, while some models feature an eSATA port for connecting External Hard Drives. By default, users purchasing a Synology NAS do not come with Hard Drives; these will have to purchase separately.

Uses

The ability of Synology servers evolves over time, as Synology aims to release new capabilities to each of their products. However, the primary purpose of the Synology product is to expand or supplement the storage needs of the user, using the Network Attached Storage structure. Along with expanding storage, the Synology server is capable of performing data back up purposes for Windows users, or to backup to other Synology/Rsync servers, using the RSync Protocol. Along with these basic necessities, the Synology server is capable of multimedia streaming via the UPnP protocol or it can behave as Print Server. And finally, with its integrated Apache, MySQL, and PHP engines, the Synology Server is capable of being a light-weight web server, or perhaps a small Blog server.

References

^ Linux-based NAS gains UI update

^ Linux gains new architecture support

^ Synology Inc. – NEW NAS Experience – Request GPL Source

^ Synology Inc. – NEW NAS Experience – Support:: Help Center:: English FAQ:: Can Linux users access Synology Pro

External links

Synology Inc.

Synology Wiki

Synology Official Forum

Synology Latest Magazine Reviews

Product reviews

Synology Cube Station CS407 4-Bay SATA Gigabit NAS

Synology Disk Station 101g+

Synology Disk Station DS207

Dual Drive File, Media & Web Network Server (DS-207)

1-Bay SATA NAS Server from Synology: Disk Station DS107+ Review

Synology DS207 Review:Feature-packed NAS for business and pleasure

Synology Disk Station DS107 Series: Impressive, Versatile NAS

Synology Disk Station DS107+ (German)

Synology Disk Station DS207+ (German)

Synology DiskStation DS-106e



v?d?eLinux-based devices (list)

Desktops

Eee Box CherryPal fit-PC Linutop Lemote ThinCan WE Appliance Zonbu

Handhelds

Amazon Kindle Archos PMA400 Nokia N770/ N800/ N810 Pepper Pad Zaurus Zipit

Netbooks

Aspire One Eee PC Averatec Buddy Classmate PC CloudBook Inspiron Mini ECS G10IL Elonex ONE/ONEt Gigabyte M912 HP Mini 1000/2133 InkMedia Lenovo S10 MSI Wind Nanobook Noahpad OLPC One A110 OpenBook Skytone Alpha-400 Tianhua GX-1C

Multimedia

DBox2 Dreambox Hauppauge MediaMVP Neuros OSD TiVo Wizpy

Networking

Actiontec MI424WR Asus Routers BT Home Hub Buffalo AirStation Junxion Box Linksys WRT54G series Netgear FVS336G Picotux

Storage

Buffalo LinkStation / TeraStation Linksys NSLU2 Synology WD My Book

Phones

Motorola ROKR Z6/ RAZR2 V8 Neo 1973/ FreeRunner HTC Dream HTC Magic Palm Pre

Gaming

GP2X (Wiz) mylo Pandora

Other

Chumby Gumstix Palm Foleo Stanley ILiad

Categories: Computer storage companies | Power Architecture | Linux based devices | Server appliance

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A spotting scope is a portable telescope, optimized for the observation of terrestrial objects. The magnification of a spotting scope is typically on the order of 20X to 60X. Other common features include:

somewhat “rugged” or rubber-armoured design

convenient mounting for attaching to a tripod

ergonomically designed and located knob for focus control

tethered elastomeric lens cap

a range of eyepieces to give different magnifications, or a variable “zoom” eyepiece to give a range of magnifications (e.g. 20-60X)

The light gathering power of a spotting scope is determined by the width of the objective lens, typically between 55 and 80 mm. All else being equal, the larger the objective, the more heavy and expensive the telescope.

There are three types of scope: “straight-through” (the eyepiece is on the same axis as the body of the scope), “angled” (the eyepiece is at an angle of about 45 degrees to the body of the scope), and, rarely, a more complex, shoulder-mounted design. Straight-through scopes are easier to use from inside a vehicle while angled scopes are more comfortable for tall people and more easily shared by people of different heights.

The choice of the eyepiece lens determines the overall magnification. The best magnification is decided by a number of factors. Magnifications of less than 20X are unusual, as (much cheaper and lighter) binoculars or monoculars can provide this. Magnifications of more than 60X lead to poorer brightness and, even on a tripod, shake can be a problem. The field of view is also limited.

Usually for birdwatching, but spotting scopes are popular when used in longrange hunting mounted on a lightweight hunting tripods. 20X or 30X are favoured for birdwatching. 20x-60x variable powers are used for longrange hunting if combined with solid mounting platforms. This gives a good field of view and a bright image. Spotting scopes are also used on many target ranges to avoid walking to the target to verify the placement of hits.

Amongst aircraft spotters the term “pole” is used as a shorthand expression meaning telescope. The related verb “to pole-off” therefore means reading some identification marks of an aeroplane by using a telescope. Other users might employ the same slang term.

Spotting scope manufacturers include: Swarovski, Leica, Zeiss, Kowa, Nikon, Pentax and Vixen.

External links

Birding Scopes

How to choose Spotting Scopes

Glossary of terms for spotting scopes

Informative Choosing Terrestrial Telescope

Choosing between a spotting scope and a telescope

Categories: Telescopes

Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from November 2007

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For the city in northwestern Syria, see Baniyas. For the processor formerly codenamed Banias, see Pentium M.

For the Indian social group, see Bania.

Caesarea Philippi should not be confused with Caesarea Maritima, on the Mediterranean, or modern Caesarea in Israel) or with Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia.

BaniasCaesarea Philippi

Coordinates: 3314?55?N 3541?40?E? / ?33.24861 35.69444? / 33.24861; 35.69444

Location

Golan Heights (claimed by Israel and Syria, administered by Israel)

Time zone

EET (UTC+2)

-Summer(DST)

EEST (UTC+3)



Banias spring with Pan’s cave in the left background with temenos and niches center.

Banias (Paneas: Greek: ??????? Arabic: ?????? ??????? Hebrew: ??????) is an archaeological site by the uninhabited former city of Caesarea Philippi, located at the foot of Mount Hermon (Ba’al-Hermon, Arabic: ??? ??????, Jabal esh-Shaiykh, Hebrew: ?? ??????, Har Hermon) in the Golan Heights (claimed by Israel and Syria, administered by Israel). The site is 150Km north of Jerusalem and 60Km southwest from Damascus. The city was located within the region known as the “Panion” (the region of the Greek god Pan). Named after the deity associated with the grotto and shrines close to the spring called “Paneas”.

The temenos (sacred precinct) included a temple, courtyards, a grotto and niches for rituals was dedicated to Pan was constructed on an elevated, 80 m. long natural terrace along the cliff which towered over the north of the city. A four-line inscription in the base of one of the niches of the temenos relates to Pan and Echo, the mountain nymph, dated to 87 CE.

In the distant past, a giant spring gushed from a cave set in the limestone bedrock, to tumble down the valley and flow into the Hula marshes. Currently it is the source of the Nahal Hermon stream. Whereas previously the Jordan River rose from the malaria-infested Hula marshes, it now rises from this spring and two others at the base of Mount Hermon. The flow of the spring has decreased greatly in modern times. The water no longer gushes forth from the cave, but only seeps from the bedrock below it.

Contents

1 Pagan associations

2 Roman

2.1 Herodian city

2.2 Gospel association

2.3 Byzantium

3 Caliphate

4 Crusaders

5 British Mandate to contemporary

6 Tel Dan

7 Notables from Paneas

8 See also

9 References

9.1 Footnotes

9.2 Bibliography

9.3 Suggested reading on water issues

10 External links

//


Pagan associations



The major Hellenistic realms; the Ptolemaic kingdom (dark blue); the Seleucid empire (yellow); Macedon (green) and Epirus (pink). The orange areas were often in dispute after 281 BC.

Alexander the Great’s conquests started a process of Hellenisation in Egypt and Syria that continued for some 1,000 years. Paneas was first settled in the Hellenistic period. The Ptolemaic kings, in the 3rd century BC, built a cult centre there.



View at the remnants of the Tempel of Pan with Pan’s grotto. The building on the slope of the cliff in the background is the shrine of Nebi Khader.

Panias is a spring, known also known Fanium, named for the Arcadian Pan, the Greek god, a goat-footed god of victory in battle [creator of panic in the enemy], isolated rural areas, music, goat herds, hunting, herding, and of sexual and spiritual possession. It lies close to the fabled ‘way of the sea’ mentioned by Isaiah. along which many armies of Antiquity marched. Paneas was certainly an ancient place of great sanctity, and when Hellenised religious influences began to overlay the region, the cult of its local numen gave place to the worship of Pan, to whom the cave was therefore dedicated. The pre-Hellenic deity associated with the site was variously called Ba’al-gad or Ba’al-hermon.

In extant sections of the Greek historian Polybius’s history of ‘The Rise of the Roman Empire’, a Battle of Panium is mentioned. This battle was fought in 198 BC between the Macedonian armies of Ptolemaic Egypt and the Seleucid Greeks of Coele-Syria, led by Antiochus III. Antiochus’s victory cemented Seleucid control over Phoenicia, Galilee Samaria and Judea until the Maccabean revolt. It was these hellenised Seleucids built a pagan temple dedicated to Pan at Paneas.

Roman



The Division of Herod’s Kingdom:Territory under Herod Archelaus, from 6 Iudaea ProvinceTerritory under Herod AntipasTerritory under Herod Philip IISalome I (cities of Jabneh, Azotas, Phaesalis)Roman province of SyriaAutonomous cities (Decapolis)

Herodian city



On the death of Zenodorus in 20 BC, the Panion (Greek: ??????), which included Paneas was annexed to the Kingdom of Herod the Great. He erected here a temple of ‘white marble’ in honour of his patron. In 3 BCE, Philip II (also known as Philip the Tetrarch) founded a city at Paneas, which became the administrative capital of Philip’s large tetrarchy of Batanaea encompassing the Golan and the Hauran. Flavius Josephus in his Antiquities of the Jews refers to the city as Caesarea Paneas; the New Testament as Caesarea Philippi, to distinguish it from Caesarea Maritima on the Mediterranean coast. In 14 CE Philip II named it Caesarea (in honour of the Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus) and ‘made improvements’ to the city. His image was placed on a coin issued in 29/30 CE to commemorate the city’s foundation. This was considered as idolatrous by Jews, but followed in the Idumean tradition of Zenodorus.

On the death of Philip II in 33 CE the tetrachy was incorporated into the province of Syria with the city given the autonomy to administer its own revenues.

In 61 CE, king Agrippa II renamed the administrative capital Neronias in honour of the Roman emperor Nero, but this name had a short life in usage, and was discarded several years later, in 68 CE. Agrippa also carried out urban improvements

During the First Jewishoman War, Vespasian rested his troops at Caesarea Philippi over July 67 CE, holding games for a period of 20 days before advancing on Tiberias to crush the Jewish resistance in Galilee.

Gospel association

In the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus is said to have approached the area near the city, but without entering the city itself. While in this area, he asked his closest disciples who men thought him to be. Accounts of their answers, including the Confession of Peter, are to be found in the Matthew, Mark, and Luke, as well as in the Gospel of Thomas.

In Mark, they replied that Jesus was thought to be John the Baptist, or Elias, or some other prophet, but Saint Peter gave his own view and confessed his belief that Jesus was the messiah (Christ). Jesus predicted his destiny, and when Peter rebuked him. In Matthew, the Peter’s expression of belief that Jesus was the Messiah is the occasion for Jesus designating him as the rock on which the Church was to be built. In Luke, the site where this is said to have occurred is located near Bethsaida, after the Sermon on the Mount, and Peter affirms his belief Jesus is ‘the Christ of God’. In all three, the apostles are asked to keep this revelation as secret.

A woman from Paneas, who had been bleeding for 12 years, is said to have been miraculously cured by Jesus. According to tradition, after she had been cured, she had a statue of Christ erected.

Byzantium

On attaining the position of Emperor of the Roman Empire in 361 Julian the Apostate instigated a religious reformation of the Roman state, as part of a programme intended to restore its lost grandeur, pagan character and strength. He supported the restoration of Hellenic paganism as the state religion. In Paneas this was achieved by replacing the Christian symbols. In the history ofSozomen, there is a description of the circumstances surrounding the…

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Schematic drawing of a fluidized bed reactor.

Fluidization (or fluidisation) is a process similar to liquefaction whereby a granular material is converted from a static solid-like state to a dynamic fluid-like state. This process occurs when a fluid (liquid or gas) is passed up through the granular material.

When a gas flow is introduced through the bottom of a bed of solid particles, it will move upwards through the bed via the empty spaces between the particles. At low gas velocities, aerodynamic drag on each particle is also low, and thus the bed remains in a fixed state. Increasing the velocity, the aerodynamic drag forces will begin to counteract the gravitational forces, causing the bed to expand in volume as the particles move away from each other. Further increasing the velocity, it will reach a critical value at which the upward drag forces will exactly equal the downward gravitational forces, causing the particles to become suspended within the fluid. At this critical value, the bed is said to be fluidized and will exhibit fluidic behavior. By further increasing gas velocity, the bulk density of the bed will continue to decrease, and its fluidization becomes more violent, until the particles no longer form a bed and are onveyed upwards by the gas flow.

When fluidized, a bed of solid particles will behave as a fluid, like a liquid or gas. Like water in a bucket: the bed will conform to the volume of the chamber, its surface remaining perpendicular to gravity; objects with a lower density than the bed density will float on its surface, bobbing up and down if pushed downwards, while objects with a higher density sink to the bottom of the bed. The fluidic behavior allows the particles to be transported like a fluid, channeled through pipes, not requiring mechanical transport (e.g. conveyer belt).

A simplified every-day-life example of a gas-solid fluidized bed would be a hot-air popcorn popper. The popcorn kernels, all being fairly uniform in size and shape, are suspended in the hot-air rising from the bottom chamber. Because of the intense mixing of the particles, akin to that of a boiling liquid, this allows for a uniform temperature of the kernels throughout the chamber, minimizing the amount of burnt popcorn. After popping, the now larger popcorn particles encounter increased aerodynamic drag which pushes them out of the chamber and into a bowl.

The process is also key in the formation of a sand volcano and fluid escape structures in sediments and sedimentary rocks.

Applications

In 1920s, the Winkler process was developed to gasify coal in a fluidized bed, using oxygen. It was not commercially successful.

The first large scale commercial implementation, in the early 1940s, was the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process, which converted heavier petroleum cuts into gasoline. Carbon-rich “coke” deposits on the catalyst particles and deactivates the catalyst in less than 1 second. The fluidized catalyst particles are shuttled between the fluidized bed reactor and a fluidized bed burner where the coke deposits are burned off, generating heat for the endothermic cracking reaction.

By the 1950s fluidized bed technology was being applied to mineral and metallurgical processes such as drying, calcining, and sulfide roasting.

In the 1960s, several fluidized bed processes dramatically reduced the cost of some important monomers. Examples are the Sohio process for acrylonitrile and the oxychlorination process for vinyl chloride.

In the late 1970s, a fluidized bed process for the synthesis of polyethylene dramatically reduced the cost of this important polymer, making its use economical in many new applications. The polymerization reaction generates heat and the intense mixing associated with fluidization prevents hot spots where the polyethylene particles would melt. A similar process is used for the synthesis of polypropylene.

Currently, most of the processes that are being developed for the industrial production of carbon nanotubes use a fluidized bed .

A new potential application of fluidization technology is chemical looping combustion, which has not yet been commercialized. One solution to reducing the potential effect of carbon dioxide generated by fuel combustion (e.g. in power stations) on global warming is carbon dioxide sequestration. Regular combustion with air produces a gas that is mostly nitrogen (as it is air’s main component at about 80% by volume), which prevents economical sequestration. Chemical looping uses a metal oxide as a solid oxygen carrier. These metal oxide particles replace air (specifically oxygen in the air) in a combustion reaction with a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel in a fluidized bed, producing solid metal particles from the reduction of the metal oxides and a mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor, the major products of any combustion reaction. The water vapor is condensed,…(and so on)

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(Redirected from Reese’s)



The Reese’s logo



Two Reese’s peanut butter cups in orange packaging

Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups are a brand of chocolate candy filled with peanut butter, marketed by the Hershey Company. They were created in 1928 by Harry Burnett Reese, a former dairy farmer and shipping foreman for Milton S. Hershey. The H. B. Reese Candy Co., established in the basement of Reese’s house in Hershey, Pennsylvania, merged with the Hershey Company in 1963. Reese started making peanut butter cups around 1928, along with other types of candy.

Contents

1 Variations

2 Marketing and advertising

3 Other products

3.1 Holiday editions

3.2 Licensed foodstuffs

4 References

5 External links

//


Variations



Reese’s miniature peanut butter cups

Miniature Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups are sold in bags of 9ounces (260g) or more. These chocolates come in a brown paper cup wrapped in gold or colored foil. Hershey’s also produces “limited editions” of the candy that have included:

Reese Bar – a chocolate bar with squares of chocolate with a peanut butter filling (limited edition)

Big Cups an oversized version of the traditional cup (also available with peanuts, mixed nuts, and with a combination of nuts and caramel)

Peanut Butter Lovers a layered cup with top peanut butter layer, thin chocolate layer and peanut butter filling

Chocolate Lovers a thicker chocolate cup with a thinner layer of peanut butter

White Chocolate peanut butter filling in a white chocolate cup

Inside Out chocolate filling in a peanut butter cup (a reversal of the traditional version)

Caramel the traditional cup with an added layer of caramel filling

Marshmallow the traditional cup with an added layer of marshmallow filling

Peanut Butter & Banana Creme a layered cup with a top chocolate layer, bottom banana creme layer, and peanut butter filling; released in summer 2007 in tribute to Elvis Presley. It was available in standard, Big Cups and Miniatures sizes

Crunchy Cookie Cup a layered cup with crushed chocolate cookies and peanut butter filling (discontinued in 1999)

Honey Roasted

Dark Chocolate – peanut butter filling in a dark chocolate cup

Hazelnut Cream – Hazelnut Cream replacing the standard peanut butter filling.

Also available are Sugar Free Reese’s Peanut Butter Cup miniatures

Marketing and advertising

In the United States, Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups come in one-, two-, three-, four-, and six-packs in distinctive orange packaging. In Canada, where they are known as Reese Peanut Butter Cups, they come in a standard pack of three cups or the king-size variation with four cups. In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, they were originally available only in two-packs, though are now only available in three-packs, imported from Canada. In 2007 Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups were made available in Denmark by HydroTexaco and 7-Eleven.

In the 1970s and 1980s, a series of commercials was run for Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups featuring situations in which two people, one eating peanut butter and one eating chocolate, collided. One person would say, “you got peanut butter in my chocolate” and the other would reply, “you got chocolate in my peanut butter.” They would then sample the mixture and remark on the great taste, tying in with the slogan “two great tastes that taste great together.” These commercials were widely satirized by various comedians and in various cartoons. This was parodied in an episode of the animated television series Family Guy, in which an Officer Reeses shoots both parties once he realizes the combination’s flavor.

In the 1990s, the product’s slogan was: “There’s no wrong way to eat a Reese’s.”

The current slogan, introduced in the mid-2000s, is simply: “Perfect.” In July 2008, Reese’s made a commercial stating: “Stop global warming now…or all the Reese’s will melt.” Another ad stated: “Twins do not want to ever be apart, so eat both of your Reese’s.”

Other products

Other candy products of the Reese’s division of Hershey include: Reese’s Pieces, Reese’s Pieces with Nuts, Reese’s Fast Break, Reese’s NutRageous, Reese’s Peanut butter bars (with either chocolate or fudge coated), ReeseSticks, Reese’s cookies, Reese’s brownies, Reese’s NoBake bars, Reese’s Swoops, and Reeses Crispy Crunchy Bar, a chocolate bar with 5th Avenue crisp and Reese’s peanut butter. Also available are Reese’s Select Cluster, Reese’s Peanut Butter Bites, the Sweet ‘n’ Salty Bar, 100 Calorie Peanut Butter Wafer Bars, Reese’s Snack Barz, and the Oh Henry! bar with Reese’s Peanut Butter.



Reese’s Swoops

In September 2007 Hershey’s began producing a new Reese’s bar called Reese’s Whipps. Featuring peanut butter-flavored nougat with a chocolate coating, it has…(and so on)

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