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For the city in northwestern Syria, see Baniyas. For the processor formerly codenamed Banias, see Pentium M.
For the Indian social group, see Bania.
Caesarea Philippi should not be confused with Caesarea Maritima, on the Mediterranean, or modern Caesarea in Israel) or with Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia.
BaniasCaesarea Philippi
Coordinates: 3314?55?N 3541?40?E? / ?33.24861 35.69444? / 33.24861; 35.69444
Location
Golan Heights (claimed by Israel and Syria, administered by Israel)
Time zone
EET (UTC+2)
-Summer(DST)
EEST (UTC+3)
Banias spring with Pan’s cave in the left background with temenos and niches center.
Banias (Paneas: Greek: ??????? Arabic: ?????? ??????? Hebrew: ??????) is an archaeological site by the uninhabited former city of Caesarea Philippi, located at the foot of Mount Hermon (Ba’al-Hermon, Arabic: ??? ??????, Jabal esh-Shaiykh, Hebrew: ?? ??????, Har Hermon) in the Golan Heights (claimed by Israel and Syria, administered by Israel). The site is 150Km north of Jerusalem and 60Km southwest from Damascus. The city was located within the region known as the “Panion” (the region of the Greek god Pan). Named after the deity associated with the grotto and shrines close to the spring called “Paneas”.
The temenos (sacred precinct) included a temple, courtyards, a grotto and niches for rituals was dedicated to Pan was constructed on an elevated, 80 m. long natural terrace along the cliff which towered over the north of the city. A four-line inscription in the base of one of the niches of the temenos relates to Pan and Echo, the mountain nymph, dated to 87 CE.
In the distant past, a giant spring gushed from a cave set in the limestone bedrock, to tumble down the valley and flow into the Hula marshes. Currently it is the source of the Nahal Hermon stream. Whereas previously the Jordan River rose from the malaria-infested Hula marshes, it now rises from this spring and two others at the base of Mount Hermon. The flow of the spring has decreased greatly in modern times. The water no longer gushes forth from the cave, but only seeps from the bedrock below it.
Contents
1 Pagan associations
2 Roman
2.1 Herodian city
2.2 Gospel association
2.3 Byzantium
3 Caliphate
4 Crusaders
5 British Mandate to contemporary
6 Tel Dan
7 Notables from Paneas
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Footnotes
9.2 Bibliography
9.3 Suggested reading on water issues
10 External links
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Pagan associations
The major Hellenistic realms; the Ptolemaic kingdom (dark blue); the Seleucid empire (yellow); Macedon (green) and Epirus (pink). The orange areas were often in dispute after 281 BC.
Alexander the Great’s conquests started a process of Hellenisation in Egypt and Syria that continued for some 1,000 years. Paneas was first settled in the Hellenistic period. The Ptolemaic kings, in the 3rd century BC, built a cult centre there.
View at the remnants of the Tempel of Pan with Pan’s grotto. The building on the slope of the cliff in the background is the shrine of Nebi Khader.
Panias is a spring, known also known Fanium, named for the Arcadian Pan, the Greek god, a goat-footed god of victory in battle [creator of panic in the enemy], isolated rural areas, music, goat herds, hunting, herding, and of sexual and spiritual possession. It lies close to the fabled ‘way of the sea’ mentioned by Isaiah. along which many armies of Antiquity marched. Paneas was certainly an ancient place of great sanctity, and when Hellenised religious influences began to overlay the region, the cult of its local numen gave place to the worship of Pan, to whom the cave was therefore dedicated. The pre-Hellenic deity associated with the site was variously called Ba’al-gad or Ba’al-hermon.
In extant sections of the Greek historian Polybius’s history of ‘The Rise of the Roman Empire’, a Battle of Panium is mentioned. This battle was fought in 198 BC between the Macedonian armies of Ptolemaic Egypt and the Seleucid Greeks of Coele-Syria, led by Antiochus III. Antiochus’s victory cemented Seleucid control over Phoenicia, Galilee Samaria and Judea until the Maccabean revolt. It was these hellenised Seleucids built a pagan temple dedicated to Pan at Paneas.
Roman
The Division of Herod’s Kingdom:Territory under Herod Archelaus, from 6 Iudaea ProvinceTerritory under Herod AntipasTerritory under Herod Philip IISalome I (cities of Jabneh, Azotas, Phaesalis)Roman province of SyriaAutonomous cities (Decapolis)
Herodian city
On the death of Zenodorus in 20 BC, the Panion (Greek: ??????), which included Paneas was annexed to the Kingdom of Herod the Great. He erected here a temple of ‘white marble’ in honour of his patron. In 3 BCE, Philip II (also known as Philip the Tetrarch) founded a city at Paneas, which became the administrative capital of Philip’s large tetrarchy of Batanaea encompassing the Golan and the Hauran. Flavius Josephus in his Antiquities of the Jews refers to the city as Caesarea Paneas; the New Testament as Caesarea Philippi, to distinguish it from Caesarea Maritima on the Mediterranean coast. In 14 CE Philip II named it Caesarea (in honour of the Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus) and ‘made improvements’ to the city. His image was placed on a coin issued in 29/30 CE to commemorate the city’s foundation. This was considered as idolatrous by Jews, but followed in the Idumean tradition of Zenodorus.
On the death of Philip II in 33 CE the tetrachy was incorporated into the province of Syria with the city given the autonomy to administer its own revenues.
In 61 CE, king Agrippa II renamed the administrative capital Neronias in honour of the Roman emperor Nero, but this name had a short life in usage, and was discarded several years later, in 68 CE. Agrippa also carried out urban improvements
During the First Jewishoman War, Vespasian rested his troops at Caesarea Philippi over July 67 CE, holding games for a period of 20 days before advancing on Tiberias to crush the Jewish resistance in Galilee.
Gospel association
In the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus is said to have approached the area near the city, but without entering the city itself. While in this area, he asked his closest disciples who men thought him to be. Accounts of their answers, including the Confession of Peter, are to be found in the Matthew, Mark, and Luke, as well as in the Gospel of Thomas.
In Mark, they replied that Jesus was thought to be John the Baptist, or Elias, or some other prophet, but Saint Peter gave his own view and confessed his belief that Jesus was the messiah (Christ). Jesus predicted his destiny, and when Peter rebuked him. In Matthew, the Peter’s expression of belief that Jesus was the Messiah is the occasion for Jesus designating him as the rock on which the Church was to be built. In Luke, the site where this is said to have occurred is located near Bethsaida, after the Sermon on the Mount, and Peter affirms his belief Jesus is ‘the Christ of God’. In all three, the apostles are asked to keep this revelation as secret.
A woman from Paneas, who had been bleeding for 12 years, is said to have been miraculously cured by Jesus. According to tradition, after she had been cured, she had a statue of Christ erected.
Byzantium
On attaining the position of Emperor of the Roman Empire in 361 Julian the Apostate instigated a religious reformation of the Roman state, as part of a programme intended to restore its lost grandeur, pagan character and strength. He supported the restoration of Hellenic paganism as the state religion. In Paneas this was achieved by replacing the Christian symbols. In the history ofSozomen, there is a description of the circumstances surrounding the…
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